 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| The Establishment of Yierhan State Yierhan State was one of the northwestern states in Yuan Dynasty. The east end of its border was Amu River and India River, next to Chahetaihan State and India; the west end was near the Mediterranean Sea, including most of the small Asia Peninsula, facing Europe and Egypt; its north end was Taihe Mountain Range and Huacizimo State and bordered on Qinchahan State; its south end was facing Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. It was established by Xuliewu who was a son of Chengjisihan’s 4th son Tuolei. Its capital was in Miechitai, Taoli Temple and Suanhe City. When Yuan Xianzong was in power in A.D.1251, the Mongolian nobles had conquered the most of the Persia. At that time, the east of the Islamic world had not been defeated by Mongolia. There were only two religious forces. One was the Yisimayin Branch in the south bank of Caspian Sea and another was Black Clothing Dashi Khalif in Daoda (Baghdad in Iraq). So Mengge decided to order his brother Xuliewu to defeat the two forces. When he led the troops towards west, he was not an independent emperor. After Mengge’s death, the conflict between Hubilie and Alibuge broke out. The united Mongolia was separated. So a new Mongolian state named Yierhan State was established in West Asia. There were several contradictory thoughts of Xuliewu’s attitude on the conflict between Hubilie and Alibuge at the early stage. According to the records of “Oriental History” written by Haitun, Xuliewu wanted to come back to vie for throne. When he arrived at Taoli Temple, he heard that Hubilie had succeeded to throne and he didn’t continue to go towards east. At the last stage of Yuan Dynasty, in his book “Seeing and Recording Countries”, the Egyptian Mamuluke Dynasty historical expert Wumali mentioned that Hubilie and Alibuge were in the Mongolian Emperor Arrangement List that was drafted in Egypt. The name of Alibuge was ahead of the name of Hubilie. Obviously, this list came from Yierhan State and it showed that Wuliewu kept neutrality in the conflict. He regarded Hubilie and Alibuge as two emperors who succeeded to throne. In his book “Fuyusongxianglunbenchaobingmashu”, the Hubilie’s adviser Haojing thought that Hubilie must succeed to throne. But “Historical Collection” said that Wuliewu had sent the envoys to two sides. For isolating Abulige, Hubilie ordered that Wuxulie ruled from the west of the Amu River to Mixier border, Mongolia and Dashi. So, the Persia Area that was ruled by Mongolian central government had actually become the manor of Wulieshu. In this year, Hubilie really supported Xuliewu. Xuliewu’ son Yaomuhuer and his subordinates were in Alibuge’s troops when he invaded China. Xuliewu ordered his son to leave Alibuge’s troops and went through Amu River and came back to Persia. And he sent the envoy to blame Alibuge and persuaded him to be subordinated to Hubilie. In A.D. 1264, he fought with Qinchahan Bieerge for Asaibaijiang in Taihe Mountain Range and they fought fiercely for two years. Hubilie and Abulige were sending the envoys to Xuliewu to attend the Hulitai Meeting. In A.D. 1264, Abulige surrendered to Hubilie. Hubilie sent an envoy to ask how to punish those rebel kings. At the same time, Hubilie officially conferred the title of Yierhan to Xuliewu before he died. The word “Yier” in Tujue language meant, “subordinate”. It showed that the Mongolian Han State was a vassal state of Persia. Xuliewu sent the envoy to visit China and showed the agreement of killing the rebel generals and remitted Alibuge. He wanted to attend the Hulitai Meeting with northwest kings such as Bieerge. In A. D. 1265, Xuliewu died and couldn’t realize his promise to attend the meeting. After that, the Yuan Dynasty and other northwest Han states had different developing ways. Although Yuan Dynasty owned a name of emperor, it didn’t call the states to attend the Hulutai Meeting. In A.D. 1335, Yierhan State collapsed. The Yier period was the developing period that Sino-Persian cultural exchange had developed. Many scholars who were good at astronomy went to China with Xuliewu, one of them was Tumichi and he was called “teacher”. When the famous Persian astronomy expert Nasulading received orders to compile “Yichuhan Astronomy Table”, he learned the ways of Chinese astronomy from Tumichi. In Yuan Dynasty, many Chinese scholars held the official positions in Yierhan State and they took Chinese medical science, astronomy, calendar and historical books. When Yierhan ordered the Prime Minister Lashiduding to compile “Historical Collection”, Lashiduding collected many Chinese historical works. The Chinese scholars who were good at astronomy and calendar accepted the call to compile them and explained Chinese calendar of the ten Heavenly Stems and earthly branches. In Yierhan period, Chinese medicine had spread into Persia and many Chinese doctors served in Yierhan Palace. Xuliewu liked Chinese doctors treat illness for him. In A.D. 1313, a famous Chinese medicine expert Wang Shuhe, supported by Lashiduding, translated Chinese “Maijing” into Persian language and named it “ Chinese Science Treasure in Yierhan”. Until now, it was kept in the Istanbul Library in Turkey. The Mongolia invaded Persia and destroyed the local culture and economy. At the same time, it improved the development of east-west communication. Written
by www.travel-silkroad.com |
